Reported Speech

If we report what another person has said, we usually do not use the speaker’s exact words (direct speech), but reported (indirect) speech. Therefore, you need to learn how to transform direct speech into reported speech. The structure is a little different depending on whether you want to transform a statement, question or request.

We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say' or 'tell'. If this verb is in the present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.

We don't need to change the tense, though probably we do need to change the 'person' from 'I' to 'she', for example. We also may need to change words like 'my' and 'your'.

(As I'm sure you know, often, we can choose if we want to use 'that' or not in English. I've put it in brackets () to show that it's optional. It's exactly the same if you use 'that' or if you don't use 'that'.)

But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change the tenses in the reported speech:

• Direct speech: “I like ice cream”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.

Tense	Direct Speech	Reported Speech
present simple	“I like ice cream”	She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present continuous	“I am living in London”	She said (that) she was living in London.
past simple	“I bought a car”	She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a car.
past continuous	“I was walking along the street”	She said (that) she had been walking along the street.
present perfect	“I haven't seen Julie”	She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.
past perfect*	“I had taken English lessons before”	She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.
will	“I'll see you later”	She said (that) she would see me later.
would*	“I would help, but..”	She said (that) she would help but...
can	“I can speak perfect English”	She said (that) she could speak perfect English.
could*	“I could swim when I was four”	She said (that) she could swim when she was four.
shall	“I shall come later”	She said (that) she would come later.
should*	“I should call my mother”	She said (that) she should call her mother
might*	"I might be late"	She said (that) she might be late
must	"I must study at the weekend"	She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had to study at the weekend

* doesn't change.

Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense into the past if the information in direct speech is still true (but this is only for things which are general facts, and even then usually we like to change the tense):

• Direct speech: “The sky is blue”.
• Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

Sumber : http://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/reported-speech.html https://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech

Elliptical Sentence

Elliptical Sentence is a combination of two different sentences but predicates the same subject, and used to avoid repetition. The purpose of the establishment of an elliptical sentence which is to deliver a statement in a simple and at the same time avoid repeating the same sentence elements.

Ellipsis sentence is divided into two sentences combined sentence equal ellipsis for the use of the conjunction "and" and similar berlawaan combined sentence that uses the conjunction "but".

a. Sentence ellipsis in a combined sentence equal

The combined sentence is divided into two, namely a combined sentence equal equal positive and negative sentences.

Formula:

Subject 1 + Auxiliary + Verb + and + so + auxiliary + subject 2

or

Subject 1 + Auxiliary + Verb + and + Subject 2 + Auxiliary + too

Example of sentences :

• I will start working at the publishing company tomorrow. (Rina will start working at the publishing company tomorrow)

The combined sentence

I will start working at the publishing company tomorrow, and so will Rina. Or I Will start working at the publishing company tomorrow, and Rina will too.

Note:

If the sentence is not using auxiliary combination, the formula used is:

Subject 1 + Verb + and + so + do / does / did + Subject 2

Or

Subject1 + Verb + and + Subject 2 + d / does / did + too

Example of sentences :

• My mother Gave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present. (My auntgave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present)

The combined sentence

My mother Gave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present, and so did my aunt.

Or

My mother Gave me beautiful clothes as my birthday present, and my aunt did too.

b. Ellipsis sentence in a combined sentence equal negative

Formula:

Subject 1 + auxiliary not + Verb + and + neither + auxiliary+Subject 2

Or

Subject 1 + auxiliary not + Verb + and + Subject 2 + Auxiliary not +Either

Example:

I am not going to go shopping by myself.

My mother is not going to go shopping by herself.

The combined sentence

1 am not going to go shopping by myself and neiter is my mother.

Or

I am not going to go shopping by myself, and my mother is not either.

Formula:

Rumus:

Subject 1 + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + Verb + and + Neither + do/does/did/ + Subject

Or

Subject 1 + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + Verb + and + Subject 2 + don’t/doesn’t/didn’t + Either

Example of sentences :

Sprott did not come to my birthday party.

Mike did not come to my birthday party

The combined sentence

Sprott did not come to my birthday party, and Neither did Mike

Or

Sprott did not come to my birthday party, and Mike did not either.

c. Sentence ellipsis in a combined sentence equal opposite

Formula:

Subject 1 + auxiliary + verb + but + subject 2 + auxiliary not + verb

Or

Subject 1+ auxiliary’ not + verb + but + subject 2 + auxiliary + verb

Example:

Rini is working in the private company.

Sinta is not working in the private company.

The combined sentence

Rini is working in the private company but Sprott is not.

Note:

In addition to using the word "but", the word "while" or "whereas" is also used in a combined sentence equal opposite.

Formula

Subject 1 + verb + but/while/whereas + subject 2 + do/does/don’t/doesn’t/did/didn’t

Example:

My brother plays tennis every weekend.

My sister does not play tennis every weekend.

The combined sentence

My brother plays tennis every weekend whereas my sister does not.

Sumber : http://www.sekolahbahasainggris.com/elliptical-sentence-pengertian-rumus-contoh-kalimat/

Telling about your plans

Plan for the future is an important thing to determine a person's life in the future , where the plan can be used as a target for someone to be more purposeful life . Here I will share some of my plans, my plan now was to quickly complete tasks Scientific Writing . And future plans in my life I want to be able to quickly pass from the faculty of economics . After graduation I want to work and be a career woman . Do not forget when I am already working later of course I want to be happy for my parents and my younger sisters .

 

Conditional

Conditional tenses are used to speculate about what could happen, what might have happened, and what we wish would happen. In English, most sentences using the conditional contain the word if. Many conditional forms in English are used in sentences that include verbs in one of the past tenses. This usage is referred to as "the unreal past" because we use a past tense but we are not actually referring to something that happened in the past. There are five main ways of constructing conditional sentences in English. In all cases, these sentences are made up of an if clause and a main clause. In many negative conditional sentences, there is an equivalent sentence construction using "unless" instead of "if".

Conditional sentence type	Usage	If clause verb tense	Main clause verb tense
Zero	General truths	Simple present	Simple present
Type 1	A possible condition and its probable result	Simple present	Simple future
Type 2	A hypothetical condition and its probable result	Simple past	Present conditional or Present continuous conditional
Type 3	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the past	Past perfect	Perfect conditional
Mixed type	An unreal past condition and its probable result in the present	Past perfect	Present conditional

THE ZERO CONDITIONAL

The zero conditional is used for when the time being referred to is now or always and the situation is real and possible. The zero conditional is often used to refer to general truths. The tense in both parts of the sentence is the simple present. In zero conditional sentences, the word "if" can usually be replaced by the word "when" without changing the meaning.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple present
If this thing happens	that thing happens.
If you heat ice	it melts.
If it rains	the grass gets wet.

TYPE 1 CONDITIONAL

The type 1 conditional is used to refer to the present or future where the situation is real. The type 1 conditional refers to a possible condition and its probable result. In these sentences the if clause is in the simple present, and the main clause is in the simple future.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple present	simple future
If this thing happens	that thing will happen.
If you don't hurry	you will miss the train.
If it rains today	you will get wet.

.

TYPE 2 CONDITIONAL

The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a time that is now or any time, and a situation that is unreal. These sentences are not based on fact. The type 2 conditional is used to refer to a hypothetical condition and its probable result. In type 2 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the simple past, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + simple past	present conditional or present continuous conditional
If this thing happened	that thing would happen. (but I'm not sure this thing will happen) OR that thing would be happening.
If you went to bed earlier	you would not be so tired.
If it rained	you would get wet.
If I spoke Italian	I would be working in Italy.

TYPE 3 CONDITIONAL

The type 3 conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is contrary to reality. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The type 3 conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable past result. In type 3 conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the perfect conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect	perfect conditional or perfect continuous conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would have happened. (but neither of those things really happened) OR that thing would have been happening.
If you had studied harder	you would have passed the exam.
If it had rained	you would have gotten wet.
If I had accepted that promotion	I would have been working in Milan.

MIXED TYPE CONDITIONAL

The mixed type conditional is used to refer to a time that is in the past, and a situation that is ongoing into the present. The facts they are based on are the opposite of what is expressed. The mixed type conditional is used to refer to an unreal past condition and its probable result in the present. In mixed type conditional sentences, the if clause uses the past perfect, and the main clause uses the present conditional.

If clause	Main clause
If + past perfect or simple past	present conditional or perfect conditional
If this thing had happened	that thing would happen. (but this thing didn't happen so that thing isn't happening)
If I had worked harder at school	I would have a better job now.
If we had looked at the map	we wouldn't be lost.
If you weren't afraid of spiders	you would have picked it up and put it outside.

Sumber : http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/conditional/

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS

Countable nouns are for things we can count using numbers. They have a singular and a plural form. The singular form can use the determiner "a" or "an". If you want to ask about the quantity of a countable noun, you ask "How many?" combined with the plural countable noun.

Singular	Plural
one dog	two dogs
one horse	two horses
one man	two men
one idea	two ideas
one shop	two shops

Examples

Anything that can be counted, whether singular – a dog, a house, a friend, etc. or plural – a few books, lots of oranges, etc. is a countable noun. The following countable noun examples will help you to see the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Notice that singular verbs are used with singular countable nouns, while plural verbs are used with plural countable nouns.

1.       There are at least twenty Italian restaurants in Little Italy.

2.       Megan took a lot of photographs when she went to the Grand Canyon.

3.       Your book is on the kitchen table.

4.       How many candles are on that birthday cake?

5.       You have several paintings to study in art appreciation class.

6.       There’s a big brown dog running around the neighborhood.

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

Uncountable nouns are for the things that we cannot count with numbers. They may be the names for abstract ideas or qualities or for physical objects that are too small or too amorphous to be counted (liquids, powders, gases, etc.). Uncountable nouns are used with a singular verb. They usually do not have a plural form.

EXAMPLES

• tea
• sugar
• water
• air
• rice
• knowledge
• beauty
• anger
• fear
• love
• money
• research
• safety
• evidence

We cannot use a/an with these nouns. To express a quantity of an uncountable noun, use a word or expression like some, a lot of, much, a bit of, a great deal of , or else use an exact measurement like a cup of, a bag of, 1kg of, 1L of, a handful of, a pinch of, an hour of, a day of. If you want to ask about the quantity of an uncountable noun, you ask "How much?"

EXAMPLES

• There has been a lot of research into the causes of this disease.
• He gave me a great deal of advice before my interview.
• Can you give me some information about uncountable nouns?
• He did not have much sugar left.
• Measure 1 cup of water, 300g of flour, and 1 teaspoon of salt.
• How much rice do you want?

TRICKY SPOTS

Some nouns are countable in other languages but uncountable in English. They must follow the rules for uncountable nouns. The most common ones are:
accommodation, advice, baggage, behavior, bread, furniture, information, luggage, news, progress, traffic, travel, trouble, weather, work

EXAMPLES

• I would like to give you some advice.
• How much bread should I bring?
• I didn't make much progress today.
• This looks like a lot of trouble to me.
• We did an hour of work yesterday.

Be careful with the noun hair which is normally uncountable in English, so it is not used in the plural. It can be countable only when referring to individual hairs.

EXAMPLES

• She has long blond hair.
• The child's hair was curly.
• I washed my hair yesterday.
• My father is getting a few grey hairs now. (refers to individual hairs)
• I found a hair in my soup! (refers to a single strand of hair)

 sumber :

http://www.edufind.com/english-grammar/countable-and-uncountable-nouns/

http://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/nouns/countable-uncountable-nouns/